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J. Robert Oppenheimer was an American theoretical physicist and one of the key figures in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II. Born in 1904, Oppenheimer studied at Harvard University and the University of Göttingen before becoming a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He was appointed as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project, the top-secret U.S. government program that developed the first nuclear weapons. After the war, Oppenheimer became a vocal advocate for international control of nuclear weapons and opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb. However, he faced political persecution during the Red Scare and was stripped of his security clearance. Despite this, Oppenheimer continued to make significant contributions to physics until his death in 1967.